请问如何判断一个动词后是加 to do,还是加 doing? 您所在的位置:网站首页 used to do和was used to doing 请问如何判断一个动词后是加 to do,还是加 doing?

请问如何判断一个动词后是加 to do,还是加 doing?

2023-04-13 03:02| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

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目前市面上所有的教材,对于to do/doing的讲解方式无外呼两种:1.成分功能法:作主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语;2.表意功能法:表目的、结果表、表条件、表原因,然后给出相应的例句。

在读这些例句时,笔者认为,英语母语人士在使用to do和doing时,绝对不会从功能或成分的这种复杂的角度去出发,所以这些看似不同的用法背后,一定存在存在某些共性的东西,可以将其整合。

经过长时间的研究,笔者摒弃了传统的讲解方式,把在句内(没有逗号分割)出现的to do与doing两种非谓语动词的用法总结如下:

一、句内doing的用法

1.1 ing有进行之意,所以正在发生的动作或状态通常将动词变为doing的非谓形式

Missing you ages me.

I can't bear/stand his singing everyday 6am in the morning.

Not knowing what to do makes me feel embarrassed

He can't help talking so loudly.

I face making the decision by myself.

1.2已经发生的动作,相比to do,doing更为合适(至少在时间轴上更为接近):

Losing his fortune drove him mad.

His running away proved that he was a coward.

Meeting you was fate, becoming your friend was a choice, but falling in love with you was beyond my control.

以下动词含义决定其需要接已发生的事情,故只接doing作宾语:admit doing sth承认做过、deny doing sth否认做过、mention/report doing sth提到/报告做过、miss/recall doing sth怀念/回忆做过、pardon/forgive doing sth原谅做过、finish doing sth完成某事、appreciate doing sth感激做过。

1.3.ing表示进行,具有延续的画面感,所以有延续感(重复、多次、长时间、过程、真理)的动作(此时往往已经变成一种行为、习惯、事件)通常将动词变为doing的非谓形式:

He prefers eating at 7 PM.

Reading books can make a man smart.

We mean to call on you tomorrow.

Missing you ages me.

以下动词含义决定其要具有接延续感的动作,故只跟doing作宾语:

keep doing sth持续做某事、practise enjoy doing sth练习做某事、enjoy享受做某事(过程)

1.4进行态,表示动作在发生,可以增强画面感,故以下动词含义决定了其只跟doing作宾语:

Fancy/imagine doing sth想象正在做某事,anticipate doing sth期盼某事的发生。

1.5以下动词含义决定其后接一些不希望发生的事情即,不适合用to do,故用doing作宾语

mind doing sth介意做某事,stand/endure doing sth忍受做某事,escape/avoid doing sth逃避/避免做某事 delay,prevent/resist/prohibit/forbid/stop doing sth阻止/抵制/禁止/停止做某事,postpone doing sth推迟做某事,despise doing sth鄙视做某事,risk doing sth冒着发生...的危险。

1.6如果一个动词常见用法是接名词作宾语,由于习惯的迁移,它一般接doing作名词,表事件,而不表动作:

1.61suggest sth/suggest doing sth推荐某事/某物

May I suggest a white wine with this dish, Sir?

先生,吃这道菜,我给您推荐一种白葡萄酒,好吗?

I suggested going in my car.

我提议坐我的车去。

1.62favor sth/favor doing sth支持某事/某物

Recent opinion polls show that 60 percent favor abortion under certain circumstances

最近的民意调查显示,60%的人赞成在某些情况下可以堕胎。

1.63Include sth/include doing sth 包括某事/某物

You should include some examples in your essay.

你应该在文章里举一些例子。

My housework includes cleaning the bedroom.

我的家务活包括打扫卧室(在内)

1.64consider sth/consider doing sth 包括某事/某物

You should consider other people before you act.

你在行动之前应当考虑到别人。

you should consider doing something about it for the sake of your health.

你应该为了自己的健康着想而改变一下。

1.7介词后无论动作是何种情况,动词统一变成ing形式:

After swimming I felt cold. 游完泳我感到冷。

I' m against saying anything. 我反对说话。

She kept herself from laughing. 她忍住没笑。

He worried about making mistakes. 他担心犯错误。

They're thinking of moving to America. 他们想搬到美国去。

This is a tool for opening tins. 这是一个开罐头的工具。

He left without paying his bill. 他没有付账就走了。

I have no experience in teaching English. 我没有教英语的经验。

特别注意:以下词组中的to均为表指向的介词,通常接纯名词或doing作宾语

Look forward to, lead to, pay attention to, stick to, devote oneself to, object to, get down to, get used to。

二、To do

1.To表示去向,带有目的性,所以表目的动作用to do,翻译成“为了”:

Firemen had to break the door down to reach the people trapped inside. 为了抢救困在屋里的人,消防人员不得不破门而入。

2.To表示去向,指向将来,所以要去做或没做的动作统一用to do:

I have four children to take care of.

我有四个孩子要养。

I have something important to do.

我有件很重要的事情要去做。

以下动词含义决定其接未发生/要发生的动作,故只跟to do作宾语:

agree to do sth.同意去做某事、arrange to do sth.安排去做某事、ask to do sth.要求去做某事

beg to do sth.请求去做某事、care to do sth.想要去做某事、choose to do sth.决定去做某事

decide to do sth.决定去做某事、demand to do sth.要求去做某事、determine to do sth.决心去做某事、expect to do sth.期待去做某事、、hope to do sth.希望做某、learn to do sth.学习某事、offer to do sth.主动提出去做某事、plan to do sth.计划去做某事、prepare to do sth.准备催某事、pretend to do sth.假装去做某事、want to do sth.想要去做某事、wish to do sth.希望去做某事、aim to do sth.打算去做某事、long to do sth.渴望去做某事,以及swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),hesitate(犹豫)volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),aim(旨在),attempt(试图),condescend(屈尊)等动词。

to do可以充当这类动词的宾补,用法是一样,因为一个是自己去做,一个是他人去做:

She asked him to leave.

We invited them to join us.

He told me to shut up.

They expect him to arrive early.

She warned him not to be late.

They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper.

The commander forced the soldiers to march in the rain.

Ned convinced me to quit my job.

一些表“态度”的动词,常见用法是接名词作宾语,由于习惯的迁移,它一般接doing作名词,但如果其已经接了人称名词/代词作宾语,就可以释放后面动作“未发生”的本性,即接to do作宾补:

adviseI advised seeing a doctor.I advised you to see a doctor.allowIreland doesn't allow smoking in bars.Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars.encourageHe encourages eating healthy foods.He encourages us to eat healthy foods.permitCalifornia doesn't permit fishing without a fishing license.California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license.requireThe certificate requires completing two courses.The certificate requires students to complete two courses.urgeThey urge recycling bottles and paper.They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper.

不定式表目的和将来的是to do的最常用,也比较好的理解的用法。to do更重要的用法是:在没有必要使用doing的情况时,一律使用to do。即doing是特例,to do英语中最常见的、最普遍的、最简便的、最希望被使用的,连接两个动词的方式。对于英语来说,to do是优先的plan A,doing是备用的plan B。

1.如果句中系动词(以be动词为代表)作谓语,非谓语基本用to do,这是因为如果doing,则容易给人误导是进行态:

He was the first to arrive.他是第一个到的。尽管arrive已经发生To upset you was not my intention.尽管upset已经发生Nancy seemed to be disappointed.尽管be disappointed正在发生

2.除开在句内doing的用法的涉及的动词以外,对于其它动词,我们可以理解为没有形成接doing固定搭配,此时句中出现的非谓统一使用to do,此时to do不包含发生时间、不代表是否持续、不代表任何逻辑(表原因、表目的、表结果),与所作的句子何种成分也无关,只表示动作本身,没有任何附加信息。换句话说,to do没有任何含义,只是加了一个动词,to只起连着两个动词的作用。不定式的出现,让英语句子可以脱离只有一个动词的局限。

不管发生时间:

What caused him to change his mind?

连接 caused与change,尽管“change”已发送

已发生He lived to see the Second World War.

连接lived与see,尽管“see”已发生

不管何种功能:

He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。

表面:表结果,实际:to只是连接returned与find两个动词

He was glad to be home again. 他又回到家里,感到很高兴。

表面:表原因,实际:to只是连接was glad与be home.动词

也不用在意它作何种成分:

表面例句实际主语To work out the problem is not easy.连接work out与is宾语You don't happen to know his name, do you?连接happen与know表语His health appeared to be better.连接appeared与be定语He is the best man to do the job.连接is与do状语He lived to see the Second World War.连接lived与see

总之,to do是能用则用,在to do不适合使用之时,才考虑doing。

三、to do和doing都可以使用的情况

含义接近的情况

1.start,begin,continue,cease这个动词接to/doing表示几乎相同的意思:

He started singing.

He started to sing.

这是因为“开始”的那一瞬间,你可以说“唱”已经发生了,也可以说“唱”没有发生。begin,continue,cease几个动词同理。

2.动作延续与否如果如果区别不大,可以混用:

Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.

doing行为

To hate people is like to burn down your own house to get rid of a rat.

To do表动作

To fool him is easy.Fooling him is easy.

想要愚弄他很容易。愚弄他是意见容易的事。

To talk mends no holes./Talking mends no holes.

纸上谈兵无用。

含义不同的情况

1.未发生与已发生/正在发生的不同

表未发生的动作表已发生/正在发生的动作He forgot to turn off the lights when he left home . 他离开家的时候,忘记了关灯。我忘了已经付过这本书的钱。I forgot paying for this book.He can’t help to do housework,for he is busy.他由于忙不能帮助干家务。He can't help talking so loudly.他情不自禁大声说话。Remember to close the door, please.请记得关门I remember locking the door.我记得我锁了门。

2.持续的事件/单次的动作不同

He prefers eating at 7 PM.

我喜欢在晚上七点吃饭。

He prefers to eat at 8 PM to night.

今晚我想8点吃饭。

3.stop to do与stop doing

stop to do中的to do是作目的状语,表示停下的目的:

He stopped to rest for a few minutes.

stop doing中的doing是作宾语,表示停下的内容(正在发生):

Stop talking and quiet!

4.try to do/try doing

Try to表示尽力去做,很好理解。

She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn't even get off the ground.

Try doing表示尝试做某事,其源头是接名词的用法:

Try this one.试试这个。

Nobody answers the front door.Let's try knocking the back door.

没人应前门,我们试试敲后门。

5.need to do/need doing:

Need to do表示需要去做

I need to call the maintenance to fix our windows.

我得打电话叫维护人员来修一下窗户。

Need doing需要某事,其源头是接名词的用法:

I need you now.

我现在需要你。

My room needs cleaning.

我的房间需要打扫(这件事/这个行为)。

本章总结:

请问如何判断一个动词后是加 to do,还是加 doing?笔者的最终回答是

1.根据两者代表的感觉不同选择:

非谓语形式使用感觉to do目的感、无感(最重要,表动作本身)、未发生doing持续感、事件感、过程感、画面感、正/已发生

2.记住常见的接doing的动词,其余情况通常都使用to do作非谓语。

以上规律适用于绝大部分动词,当然,语言一定会受使用习惯的影响,一个动词后是加 to do,还是加 doing,除了以上基本的判断,在实际应用中多积累也十分重要。

链接为本人出版的语法书,目前豆瓣评分9.6,销量近万册,感谢各位读者支持。

另外,本人最近刚创建一个语法学习群,对语法有兴趣可以加我230901971



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